PROJECT | DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

GROUP MEMBERS:

1. Muhammad Aniq Bin Abdul Razak [ B032010330 ]
2. Nur Haziqah Binti Jamaludin [ B032010405 ]
3. Noor Nasuha Binti Rohim [ B032010374 ]
4. Aiman Syafiq Bin Affandi [ B032010331 ]
5. Haariharan A/L Rajakumar [ B032010395 ] 

YouTube Link : https://youtu.be/WydUqKY7FAA

PROJECT SCENARIO

The scenario of this project can be referred to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the logical network flow from a home network to OUM facilities. In this figure, a OUM’s student is trying to access the OnlineLearning system located in the OUM network facilities. The student is using her modem to connect to the public network before able to connect to the OUM facilities. From the OUM network, the data then was forwarded to IT Center where the OnlineLearning System server is located.

Figure 1: Logical Network Flow

Students are required to suggest private addressing scheme used in OUM network. Explain how you calculate the subnetting using FLSM based on the number of the faculties. Each faculty is given their network address. Assign IT Center as another subnet with their own network address. From this network address, assigned as the 4^th available address as the address of the OnlineLearning System Server.

Students are allowed to do the addressing by using any subnetting of any private address class, provided that the explanation and argument for the solution are stated and explained.

OSI LAYER MODEL

Figure 2: OSI Layer Model

1. Firstly, The DNS student’s computer sends a DNS query for the OpenLearning system server at the Application Layer. The main objective of the Application Layer is to display the information received and provide a data exchange service to the user. The application layer interface directly interacts with the application and provides common web application services. HTTP (Hypermark Text Transfer Protocol) is used when the student is trying to reach the OpenLearning system server.
   
   
2. As data moves down to the Presentation Layer, it is encoded or compressed to a standard format, sometimes encrypted. Data is compressed to reduce the number of bits contained in the information, improving the speed and efficiency of the data uploaded. The data is also translated into bitstream before being transmitted.
   
   
3. After user data is converted to common a standard format then moves down to the Session Layer. At Session Layer, the session ID is attached to the data. The session layer helps in setting up and managing connections enabling sending and receiving of data followed by terminations of connections or sessions.
   
   
4. The data is handed down to the Transport Layer. At the transport layer, data is then broken up into smaller pieces. Each piece is added with a header that contains the destination port, source port, sequence number, and other information. The student’s computer encapsulates the PDU into the UDP segment.
   
   
5. A segment travels down to Network Layer. This layer defines the end-to-end packet transport, which defines the logical addresses that identify all nodes and also defines the routes that are implemented. A new IP header is added. IP header contains the destination IP address, source IP address, and other information. IP packet is created.
   
   
6. As the IP packet moves down to Data Link Layer, the process is repeating: a header is added and a trailer is also attached to the end of the packet. A new PDU, the frame is built. The frame header contains the destination MAC address, source MAC address, and other information. A trailer marks the end of the frame and is also used for error checking.
   
   
7. The frame is sent to the Physical Layer, where it is translated into signals (electrical, radio wave, or light). The signals represent a series zero and ones through a physical medium such as an RJ45, DSL, 802.11. At the physical layer, it called bits.

On OpenLearning System Server:

1. At the Physical Layer, the server received the bits and interpret as the frame and transfers to the data link layer.
   
   
2. At the Data Link Layer, frame header and trailer are checked if the destination’s MAC address matched and no error is found. The frame is discarded and the IP packet is pulled out and delivered up to the network layer.
   
   
3. IP header is examined and checked and if IP address is matched, then the segment is pulled from IP packet and discarded at Network Layer.
   
   
4. The segment transfer to the Transport Layer. At the transport layer where the segment header is examined, the port number is looked at and the segment is moved to the appropriate application specified by the port number.
   
   
5. At this point, the session ID is used at  Session Layer.
   
   
6. Any decompression or decoding algorithm is applied, any encryption may be removed, and the data is restored in its original form at Presentation Layer.
   
   
7. The DNS server receives a DNS query for OnlineLearning system. It sends back to response at Application Layer.

Illustration of OSI Layer Model

    Figure 3: Illustration of OSI Layer Model

SUBNETTING CALCULATION

Regarding the IPv4 private addressing scheme, we suggest that the OUM network to use a Class C private addressing scheme, 192.168.0.0/16, that suitable for medium and large-sized networks in enterprises and organizations that support up to 65,000 hosts. Each faculty in OUM will have its own network address. We also need to assign IT Center as another subnet with its own network address. From the IT Center network address, we assign the 4th available address as the address of the OnlineLearning System Server.

Firstly, we assume that there are 10 faculty in the OUM campus:-

1. Faculty of Arts
2. Faculty of Economics
3. Faculty of Education
4. Faculty of Engineering
5. Faculty of Information Technology
6. Faculty of Law
7. Faculty of Management Studies
8. Faculty of Music
9. Faculty of Political Science
10. Faculty of Philosophy

So, to have 10 faculty we must find the nearest number that is not too large and not less than the requirement but don’t forget that we also need to add another subnet, the IT Center. In this case, we calculate that 16 subnet is the most suitable for the OUM network.

10 faculties + 1 IT Center = 11 networks

As you can see that we must use 16 subnets because it is the closest number with the 11 networks. We cannot take 8 subnets because it does not fulfill the requirement. Then we will only use 11 subnets, and the rest of the 5 subnets can be used in the future.

Networks = 2^b

(b = borrowed bits)

16 subnet = 2^4

So, 4 bits need to be borrowed from the host portion.

255.255.240.0 /20 is a new subnet mask.

192+64+32+16 = 240

Number of hosts per subnet =  2^12  = 4096

* 1 address is reserved for Network Address and 1 address is reserved for Broadcast Address.

Subnet	Subnet Address	Host Address Range	Broadcast Address
IT Center	192.168.0.0	192.168.0.1 - 192.168.15.254	192.168.15.255
Faculty of Arts	192.168.16.0	192.168.16.1 - 192.168.31.254	192.168.31.255
Faculty of Economics	192.168.32.0	192.168.32.1 - 192.168.47.254	192.168.47.255
Faculty of Education	192.168.48.0	192.168.48.1 - 192.168.63.254	192.168.63.255
Faculty of Engineering	192.168.64.0	192.168.64.1 - 192.168.79.254	192.168.79.255
Faculty of Information Technology	192.168.80.0	192.168.80.1 - 192.168.95.254	192.168.95.255
Faculty of Law	192.168.96.0	192.168.96.1 - 192.168.111.254	192.168.111.255
Faculty of Management Studies	192.168.112.0	192.168.112.1 - 192.168.127.254	192.168.127.255
Faculty of Music	192.168.128.0	192.168.128.1 - 192.168.143.254	192.168.143.255
Faculty of Political Science	192.168.144.0	192.168.144.1 - 192.168.159.254	192.168.159.255
Faculty of Philosophy	192.168.160.0	192.168.160.1 - 192.168.175.254	192.168.175.255
-unassigned-	192.168.176.0	192.168.176.1 - 192.168.191.254	192.168.191.255
-unassigned-	192.168.192.0	192.168.192.1 - 192.168.207.254	192.168.207.255
-unassigned-	192.168.208.0	192.168.208.1 - 192.168.223.254	192.168.223.255
-unassigned-	192.168.224.0	192.168.224.1 - 192.168.239.254	192.168.239.255
-unassigned-	192.168.240.0	192.168.240.1 - 192.168.255.254	192.168.255.255

After that, we need to assign the 4th available address as the address of the OnlineLearning System Server. 

IT Center

Network address = 192.168.0.0/20   

Usable host range = 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.15.254

Broadcast address = 192.168.15.255

OnlineLearning System Server 

4th available address of IT Center 

= 192.168.0.4/20

TCP/IP CONFIGURATION

In this section, you are assumed to have correctly identified the IP address for the OnlineLearning System Server. Therefore, you must produce a manual on how to configure the IP address on the server. You can use any operating system to demonstrate this task. The explanation should be supported with the screenshot and appropriate explanation.

For Windows 10 & 7

Step 1

Click on the windows key + R key on the keyboard at the same time.

Step 2

Type ncpa.cpl in the box, then press OK.

Figure 1: Shows Run with ncpa.cpls in the box

Step 3

Select the local area connection, right-click it and select Properties.

Figure 2: Shows Properties of Local Area Connection

Step 4

Select Internet Protocol Version 4(TCP/IPv4), double click it or click Properties

Figure 3: Selecting the properties for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)

Step 5

There are two ways to configure the TCP/IP Properties, Assigned by DHCP server automatically or manually.

1. Assigned by DHCP server

Select Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain DNS server address automatically. If necessary, then click OK to save the settings.

Figure 4: Assigning by DHCP server automatically

 

2. Assigned manually

1) Select Use the following IP address, type IP address, subnet mask and default gateway IP address into it. If the router’s LAN IP address is 192.168.0.1, please type in IP address 192.168.0.x (x is from 2 to 253), subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and default gateway 192.168.0.1

 

2) Select Use the following DNS server addresses, as shown in the following figure. And then type the DNS server IP address, which should be provided by your ISP. If necessary, then click OK to save the settings.

 

Figure 5: Assigning Manually for OnlineLearning System Server

 

Note: In most cases, type your local area DNS server IP addresses into it.

The Preferred DNS server is the same as the default gateway. For the Secondary DNS server, you could leave it blank or type in 8.8.8.8

Step 6

Click OK to save and apply your settings.